Healthcare third-party logistics (3PL) in healthcare refers to outsourcing of logistics and supply-chain functions warehousing, transportation, cold-chain management, inventory control, order fulfilment and returns to specialised providers that serve hospitals, clinics, pharmaceutical manufacturers, public health programmes and distributors. Historically, the role of healthcare 3PLs shifted from basic transport and storage to full-service orchestration: providers now operate temperature-controlled networks, manage last-mile delivery for immunization and home-health services, run vendor-managed inventory and support regulatory traceability and serialization requirements.