Pig iron is the result of the smelting process, wherein iron ore (including ilmenite) is fused with a high-carbon fuel and a reducing agent like coke, often in conjunction with limestone to serve as a fluxing agent. Alternative fuel and reductant sources such as charcoal and anthracite are also employed. The production of pig iron is achieved through two primary methods: one involves the smelting of iron ore in blast furnaces, while the other entails the smelting of ilmenite in electric furnaces.