Bioremediation is an environmentally friendly process that harnesses microorganisms to clean up contaminated soil, groundwater, sludge, and solids. Microbes break down harmful pollutants into less toxic substances through metabolic processes that require specific conditions, including energy sources, electron acceptors, and nutrients. To enhance microbial activity, techniques like biostimulation and bioaugmentation can be applied. Successful bioremediation depends on careful site assessment, understanding microbial communities, and optimizing environmental factors such as nutrient availability, electron balance, and physical conditions.